Self-thread forming threaded fasteners and method and apparatus for making the same

ABSTRACT

A self-thread forming threaded fastener is disclosed having a straight thread on a shank of circular cross section and a tapered thread on the work-entering end. The tapered portion of the thread is of lobular root, pitch and crest surface cross sections and which lobular configuration is continued, but to a diminishing extent, on the first few threads on the shank section immediately adjacent the tapered section. The fastener is formed by rolling between thread-rolling dies a blank having a cylindrical shank of circular cross section, and an end section of arcuate lobular cross section including a tapered portion. The thread-rolling dies include a longitudinal edge portion which is adapted to engage the lobular end portion of the blank whereby at least the lobular tapered portion of the blank is intermittently deflected first in one direction and then in the opposite direction. Due to such deflections of the end of the blank, a lobular, tapered thread is produced on the tapered portion of the blank.

United States Patent 151 3,681,963 Muenchinger [451 Aug. 8, 1972 [54] SELF-THREAD FORMING THREADED Primary Examiner-Milton S. Mehr FASTENERS AND METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MAKING THE SAME Inventor: Herman G. Muenchinger, South Dartmouth, Mass.

Filed: Jan. 19, 1970 Appl. No.: 3,985

U.S. Cl ..72/88, 72/469 [51] Int. Cl. ..B2lh 3/06 [58] Field of Search ..72/88, 90, 469

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,180,126 4/ 1965 Carlson ..72/88 X 2,183,689 12/1939 Olson ..72/469 3,550,255 12/1970 Skierski 10/10 X 3,429,161 2/1969 Morse ..72/88 2,348,850 5/1944 Richards ..72/88 3,246,556 4/1966 Phipard, Jr. ..72/88 X Attorney-Olson, Trexler, Wolters & Bushnell et al.

[57] ABSTRACT A self-thread forming threaded fastener is disclosed having a straight thread on a shank of circular cross section and a tapered thread on the work-entering end. The tapered portion of the thread is of lobular root, pitch and crest surface cross sections and which lobular configuration is continued, but to a diminishing extent, on the first few threads on the shank section immediately-adjacent the tapered section.

tapered thread is produced on the tapered portion of the blank. 7

14 Claims, 27 Drawing Figures PATENTEDAus 8 I972 SHEET 2 BF 4 HERMAN G MUENCHINGER INVENTOR SPARKMAN ATTORNEYS BUCKHO RN, BLORE,'KLAR QUIST &

PATENTEDAUB a 1912 SHEET 3 0F 4 FIG. l8

FIG. 20

FIG. 22

HERMAN 3. MUENCHINGER I INVENTOR BUCKHORN, BLORE, KLARQUIST & SPARKMAN ATTORNEYS PATENTED UB M 3.681.963

SHEET 0F 4 a w 4 N H ERMAN G; MUE'NC H I N (3 ER INVENTOR SELF-THREAD FORMING THREADED FASTENERS AND METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MAKING THE SAME BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to thread-forming fasteners such as self-tapping screws and to methods gular, pitch surface cross sections so as to require a minimum driving torque. Such screws may have a main shank portion of circular cross section as shown in US. Pat. No. 3,246,556 for maximum holding strength. However, a screw shown in US. Pat. No.3,l95,l56 having a specified lobular pitch surface cross section throughout its threaded extent has an advantage over the screw of US. Pat. No. 3,426,556 having the lobular pitch surface cross sections only on the leading end of the screw in that the former can be manufactured by rolling a similarly shaped blank between so-called flat conventional thread-rolling dies. Heretofore the screw of US. Pat. No. 3,246,556 has had to be made using special dies in accordance with methods disclosed in companion US. Pat. No. 3,263,473. Such special dies are not only expensive to manufacture but also have been found difficult to set up in the machine to give wholly satisfactory results. Although it has been recognized that a screw having the lobular pitch surface cross section only on the leading end and circular pitch surface cross sections on the main shank portion is a desirable form of screw for certain uses in requiring minimum driving torque while providing maximum holding strength.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, the present invention provides a new and improved method of making a self-tapping threaded fastener having a lobular threaded forward tapered end portion and a circular threaded shank portion. The method of the invention has advantages over prior methods of making such a screw in that inexpensive thread-rolling dies for rolling straight threads on a main shank portion and tapered threads on the threadforrning, work-entering end portion can be employed. A further advantage of the present method is that the blank which is rolled between the aforementioned dies can be formed from round wire stock. A still further advantage is that the heading die used to reform the blank to its final shape prior to thread-rolling can be of inexpensive construction utilizing a main cylindrical cavity having at the bottom thereof a short extrusion section of lobular cross section.

In accordance with the method of the invention, a blank having a circular cylindrical shank portion, an arcuate lobular forward end portion including a tapered section is rolled between the aforementioned dies in a manner so that the ridged die portion for forming the thread overlies the shank and tapered portions of the blank and a substantially smooth, unridged die surface portion engages the lobular section of the blank. As the blank is rolled between the dies, pressure applied by the substantially smooth die surfaces causes the axis of the forward end of the blank to oscillate between opposite die faces during each revolution of the blank,

which oscillation is carried back into the adjacent portion of the blank so that a tapered thread having the desired arcuate lobular pitch surface cross sections is formed on the self-thread forming section of the blank.

The resultant screw of the invention formed by the aforementioned method'is characterized by a straight cylindrical shank portion having a straight thread and a lead section having an inwardly tapered thread of lobular cross section but which lobular cross-sectional configuration extends to a progressively lesser degree onto the shank portion immediately adjacent to said tapered lead section.

In a further aspect of the invention, a new and novel heading die for forming the blank is provided which includes'a relatively long outer cylindrical die cavity of circular cross section, a relatively short inner die cavity of the desired arcuate lobular cross section, the walls of the outer die cavity tapering inwardly so as to merge smoothly with the side walls of the inner die cavity.

A further aspect of the invention is the provision of a new and novel thread-rolling die for use in rolling threads on the aforementioned blank, with the dies each including a first ridged portion having alternating ridges and grooves adapted to overlie the straight cylindrical and tapered portions of the blank. The outer longitudinal edge portions of said dies are substantially smooth and adapted to overlie the lobular extremity of the blank. The last mentioned longitudinal edge portions may be separate elements mounted alongside said first die portions.

Additional advantages of the screw, method and apparatus of the present invention include the use of simplified tooling in the manufacture of the fastener in that 1 ).no specially shaped, noncircular wire-drawing die is required; (2) no special feed rolls are required to feed the wire stock into the heading die; (3) no special cutoff knife, (4) no special holding quills, (5) no special feeding fingers which are required by prior art processes.

In summary, the primary objects of the present invention are to provide (1) a self-thread forming threaded fastener of consistently uniform shape within narrow tolerances having a threaded shank portion with circular pitch surface cross sections and a threaded tapered lead section with arcuate lobular pitch. surface cross sections; (2) a simplified and lowcost method of making the aforesaid fastener; and (3) simplified, low-cost tooling for carrying out the aforesaid method including thread-rolling dies and heading die.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS The foregoing objects and advantages of the present invention willbecome more apparent from the following detailed description which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a side view of an initial blank from which the screw of the present invention is formed;

FIG. 2 is an end view of the blank of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a side view of the screw blank following a heading and pointing operation;

FIG. 4 is a partial transverse sectional view taken along the line 44 of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a partial end view taken along the line 5-5 of FIG. 3;

FIG. 6 is a side view of a screw in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 7 is a partial transverse schematic sectional view taken along the line 7-7 of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a partial end view taken along the line 8-8 of FIG. 6;

FIG. 9 is a fragmentary side view of an end portion of a screw blank according to a further modification of the invention;

FIG. 10 is a sectional view through a pair of dies in accordance with the invention with the screw blank of FIG. 3 inserted in a spaced apart relation between such dies;

FIG. 1 l is a sectional view of the dies of FIG. 10 after threads have been developed on the blank;

FIG. 12 is a fragmentary sectional view illustrating an intermediate stage in the formation of thread upon the screw blank;

FIG. 13 is a schematic end view of the dies of FIG. 1 1 at the start of the thread-rolling operation upon a screw blank;

FIG. 14 is a sectional view through a heading die for forming the blank of FIG. 3 and showing the blank within such die;

FIGS. 15 and 16 are partial transverse sectional views taken respectively along thelines 15-15 and 16-16 of FIG. 14;

FIG. 17 is a side view of a screw blank in accordance with a further modification of the invention;

FIG. 18 is a partial end view of the screw blank of FIG. 17;

FIG. 19 is a side view of a screw blank in accordance with a further modification of the invention;

FIG. 20 is a partial end view of the screw blank illustrated in FIG. 19;

FIG. 21 is a side view of a screw in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 22 is a partial end view of the screw shown in FIG. 21;

FIG. 23 is a side view of a screw blank in accordance with a still further modification of the invention positioned between a pair of thread-rolling dies also in accordance with a further modification of the invention;

FIG. 24 is a fragmentary view illustrating the end portion of a screw formed from the blank shown in FIG. 23 together with portions of the thread-rolling dies;

FIG. 25 is a fragmentary view illustrating the end portion of a screw in accordance with a still further modification of the invention aswell as portions of a pair of thread-rolling dies for producing the screw shown in conjunction therewith;

FIG. 26 is a side view illustrating a screw according to a still further modification of the invention; and

FIG. 27 is a plan view of a thread-rolling die in accordance with my invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Fastener With reference to the drawings, a self-thread forming screw 10 in accordance with one form of the invention is shown in FIG. 6 having an enlarged hexagonal driving head 12 with flanged washer base 14, a main threaded shank section 16, and a front work-entering end section 18, at least a portion of which is threaded. Shank section 16 has a uniform straight rolled thread fonnation while section 18 has a rolled thread formation thereon which is tapered and a continuation of the thread formation on shank 16. Shank section 16 is generally cylindrical and the thread formation thereon has circular crest, pitch, and root surface cross sections as most clearly shown in FIG. 7. The front end or lead section 18 has a tapered thread with the crest, pitch, and root surface cross sections thereof being generally of lobular cross section. More specifically, in this modification these tapered threads are arcuate triangular in shape and include arcuate sides 24 which merge at arcuate small radius lobes 26, as most clearly shown in FIG. 8. The height of the threads in lead section 18 becomes progressively smaller in a direction from the shank toward the forward extremity 20 and gradually vanishes before reaching such extremity, resulting in the unthreaded dog point portion 22. This tapered thread 18, in this instance, has substantially fully developed, relatively sharp crests throughout its length, at least in the lobes of the thread cross sections, although the roots 23 of such tapered threadbecome progressively more truncated toward the work-entering end 20 as will be apparent from FIG. 6.

Referring to FIG. 8, it is evident that the arcuate sides 24 of the lobular cross sections in the lead section of the screw have a radialrelief as compared to the cross sections in the main shank which relief becomes progressively less the closer such lobular cross sections are to the main shank. This results in a smooth transition between the threads of the shank section and the lobular threads of the lead section. For reasons which will become apparent hereinafter, the thread convolutions on the main shank section nearest the lead section may also be slightly lobular because of the particular method of manufacture to be described. However, the major part of the thread convolutions of the shank have substantially circular pitch surface cross sections, thereby providing maximum holding strength.

Although the illustrated preferred embodiment has threads on the lead section of arcuate triangular pitch surface cross section, suchpitch surface cross sections may be of any arcuate lobular cross section having an odd number of arcuate lobes and intermediate arcuate sides. As a practical matter, however, such lobes will usually not exceed five in order to produce the desired low driving torque requirement.

Blank tapered transition portion 34. The forward end portion 18 of the finished screw of FIG. 6 is formed from the portions 32 and 34 of the blank. The extremity 32 has cross sections generally in the shape of equilateral arcuate triangle having arcuate sides 31 merging at intermediate lobes 33. From FIG. 5 it will be apparent that the axis 35 about which the lobular cross sections of the lead section of the blank are symmetrically arranged is a continuation of the axis of the shank section of the blank and that the lobes 33 of the lead section lie substantially in the surface of an axial projection of the cylindrical shank surface 30 so that lobes 32 form an approximately straight line axial continuation of the surface of shank section 30 as clearly shown in FIG. 3.

Referring to FIG. 5, the maximum radial relief or eccentricity of the lead section with respect to the shank section is at the midpoint of each of the arcuate sides 31. The amount of eccentricity, or relief, of the sides 31 may vary, for example, from 0.3 to 0.6 times the pitch of the screw thread. Even this relationship would vary for the so-called spaced thread screws. Of course, it will be appreciated that these figures are exemplary only for a given screw blank size and no doubt other values of eccentricity would also result in commercially practical screws in accordance with the invention.

The tapered transition section 34 of the blank need not be of any special cross-sectional configuration. For example, although the surfaces which defmethe section 34 of the illustrated blank are curved in cross section so as to be concentric with respect to the curvature of arcuate sides 31, such surfaces could actually be conically tapered. By conically tapered is meant that the curvature of such transition surfaces in cross section actually would be concentric with respect to the surface curvature of shank 30. As shown in FIG. 9, the front tip section indicated at 36 is of arcuate lobular cross section as shown at 31, 33 in FIG. 5. The transition section 37 with the conical taper is curved in cross section concentric with the round shank 38. The conically tapered transition section may in fact be preferred in many instances because it can be formed with less expensive tooling.

Whether the transition section of the blank is of arcuate lobular cross section as shown in FIG. 3, or conical as shown in FIG. 9, the threads formed thereon will be substantially the same in cross section as shown in FIG. 8. This will be due to the method of manufacture hereinafter described. v

As will subsequently appear, if the tapered portion on the forward end section of the blank is of arcuate lobular cross section, similar to that illustrated by lines 31, 33 in FIG. 5, the axial length of the straight side wall end section 32 may be shorter than if the inwardly tapering surfaces 34 of the blank conform to a conical surface. Moreover, if the inwardly tapering surfaces 34 are of arcuate lobular cross section and if the angle of inward inclination is very gradual, such surfaces may be continued substantially to the forward extremity of the end portion of the blank. It is important, however, that a section of substantial length over the forward end portion of the blank be of arcuate lobular cross section, whether it has sides that are parallel to each other as shown in FIG. 3 or whether they taper slightly inwardly.

The maximum width of the forward extremity of the blank should not be substantially greater, though it may be less than the diameter of the pitch cylinder of the thread which is formed on the main shank portion of the finished screw. The pitch cylinder of such thread is indicated by dotted lines 16a in FIGS. 6 and 7.

Heading Die The initial blank of FIGS. 1 and 2 is transformed to the shape shown in FIG. 3 in a heading die as shown in FIGS. 14 through 16. The die includes a shroud portion 44, adapted to be mounted in a conventional screwheading machine, having a cylindrical die insert portion 46. The die insert includes an outer die cavity 48 of circular cross section for receiving the cylindrical blank 29. The die insert cooperates with one or more heading punches 50 of the heading machine for upsetting and forming the enlarged driving head 12 and washer flange 14 on one end of the initial blank. The die cavity also includes a transition section 47 which is tapered to form the tapered transition section 34 of the blank and a short lobular, parallel walled portion 49 having walls conforming to the desiredarcuate lobular shape of the lead section 32 of the blank as illustrated by lines 31, 33 in FIG. 5 or of any of the other lobular shapes hereinafter described. The die is' also provided with a relief insert 51 behind the extruding insert 46 and a guide bushing insert- 53 within which is suitably mounted the end of an axially reciprocable knockout pin 52 for ejecting the formed blank from the heading die.

Thread-Rolling Dies A pair of thread-rolling dies 56, 57 according to one modification of my invention is illustrated in FIG. 10, for convenience in a spaced apart relationship, for rolling threads on the blank of FIG. 3. These dies are generally flat, at least in a direction extending along the length of the blank, that is, transversely of the dies. Each die has a series of alternating ridges 58 and grooves 60, the ridges and grooves being designed for forming a straight thread on the shank section 30 of the blank and a tapered thread with fully developed crests on the tapered .transition section 34 of the blank but with a gradually diminishing thread height in a direction toward the blunt work-entering end 32. It will be observed that the crests of the die ridges 58 all lie in the same plane, that is, as viewed in FIG. 10 along the same straight line 62. Moreover, in that portion of each die which is adjacent the tapered section 34 of the blank, the depth of the grooves decreases progressively in a direction toward the lower edge of the dies, as viewed in FIG. 10, although the bottoms of such grooves remain sharply defined as indicated at 61. However, the crests 59 which lie adjacent the transition section of the blank become progressively more truncated in a direction toward the blank extremity until finally the increasingly flattened crests merge with the smooth or substantially smooth edge portion 64 of the .dies. The smooth edge portions 64 overlie the end portion 32 of the blank and also extend in the same plane or line 62 as the crests of the die ridges 58. Thus each die can be said to be composed of at least two distinct die portions including a first die section with ridges and grooves extending over a width of the die corresponding substantially to the length of the threaded portion of the blank, and a second smooth, or substantially smooth, edge surface portion 64 of the die.

Method of Making Screw The screw of FIG. 6 is manufactured using the aforedescribed tooling in accordance with the following method:

First, the initial cylindrical blank 29 is transformed into the screw blank shown in FIG. 3 by means of the heading die shown in FIG. 14in a conventional heading machine. The screw blank is then transferred to the thread-roller provided with thread-rolling dies 56 and 57. While the dies 56 and 7 have been illustrated and described as being flat, it will be obvious that they may be of rotary type thread-rolling dies as well. The thread-rolling operation will be described with reference to FIGS. l1, l2 and 13.

' Referring first to the schematic sketch of FIG. 13, the parallel surfaced members 56, 57 represent the opposed parallel surfaces of the thread-rolling dies. The shank portion of the screw blank is indicated at 30 while the end portion of the blank of arcuate triangular shape is indicated at 32. It will be observed that while the surfaces of the dies 56 and 57 are in engagement with diametrically opposite sides of the shank 30, only the uppermost lobe 33 of the end portion 32 of the blank is in engagement with the upper die 56 while the lower surface 31 of the portion 32 is spaced from the surface of die 57 as indicated by space 68. Assume that a pressure is now applied to the screw blank between the dies 56 and 57. Since the surfaces of the dies 56, 57 engage the round portion 30 of the blank, grooves corresponding to the ridges in the die surfaces will be formed in the opposite sides of the blank30. However, since the portion 64 of the die 56 which is in engagement with the lobe 33 of the end portion 32 is smooth, it cannot penetrate into the metal of the lobe 33 and as a result the end portion 32 of the blank will be deflected downwardly, as viewed in FIG. 13, in the direction of the arrow 66.

In FIG. 12 is illustrated a screw blank with only partially formed threads between a pair of opposed dies 56, 57 at the commencement of a thread-rolling stroke. This view further illustrates how the end portion 32 of the blank is deflected downwardly, as viewed in FIG. 12, due to pressure of the smooth surface portion 64 of the upper die 56 against the upper lobe 33 of the end portion 32. Such deflection of the end portion of the blank occurs each time one of the lobes comes in contact with one or the other of the dies 56, 57. In other words, the axis 70 of the forward end portion of the screw blank is deflected to a position such as indicated at 71 each time one of the lobes comes in contact with one of the smooth surface edge portions 64 of one of the dies. The axis of the forward end portion of the blank is therefore substantially continuously oscillated or gyrated about the axis 70 of the rearward portion of the screw blank indicated at 30, first toward one die and then the other. The path of movement of the deflected portion 71 of the axis during the threadrolling operation is therefore of a sinuous or undulating nature. The result is that the inwardly tapered thread provided on the forward end portion of the blank as shown in FIG. 3, including the tapered shoulder 34, is provided with pitch, root, and crest surface configurations which are of arcuate, triangular cross-sectional configuration substantially similar to the cross-sectional configuration of the original end portion of the blank.

FIG. 11 illustrates the screw with the thread substantially completed and just prior to ejection of the screw from between the dies. The axis of the screw is indicated at while the angle 72 represents the total angle of oscillation or deflection of the forward end of the screw during the thread-rolling operation. It will be understood that the axis 70 in the shank portion toward the rear or head end of the screw, rotates withoutloscillation. In practice, the oscillation of the axis at the forward end of the blank is carried back through the tapered section and may in fact be continued to a continuously diminishing degree into a short portion of the shank section immediately adjacent to the tapered portion. This oscillating action of the blank axis through the lead and transition sections results in the formation of a thread in such sections havingfully developed crests of generally lobular configuration, more specifically one in which the pitch surface cross sections have a generally arcuate lobular shape dictated by the crosssectional shape of the forward end section of the blank. Thus if the end section has an arcuate triangular crosssectional shape, the resultant pitch surface cross sections of the resultant thread on the lead section of the screw will likewise be of arcuate triangular cross section. However, because of the fact that the degree of oscillation of the axis will diminish in a direction toward the shank section of the blank during the thread-rolling operation, the pitch surface cross sections of the thread will become progressively more circular as they approach the shank section of the blank and will be circular in those shank sections in which the rotational axis has no oscillation.

Due to the pressures of the die edge portions 64 upon the lobes 33 of the screw blank, the latter tend to become somewhat less sharply rounded following the thread-rolling operation to a condition indicated generally by dotted lines 75 in FIG. 13. Also the forward end surface of the screw may become slightly cupped as at 76 in FIGS. 8 and 11.

In the previously described embodiment of the screw blank shown in FIG. 3, the end portion 32 has a substantial axial length with outer side walls parallel to each other in the axial direction and also this end portion is primarily engaged by edge portions 64 of the thread-rolling dies which are smooth. It will be obvious that if the tapered section 34 has cross sections of arcuate triangular shape and has a substantial axial length, the length of the straight walled end section can be reduced or, in some circumstances, substantially eliminated. It will be apparent that the relatively wide flat crests of the truncated ridges 59 as shown in FIG. 10 serve in the same manner as the adjacent smooth edge portions 64 in causing deflection and rotational oscillation of the end portion of the blank during thread-rolling.

. In accordance with the further modifications of the invention disclosed in FIGS. 17 to 22, self-thread forming screws are shown having but a single lobe disposed eccentrically with respect to the central longitudinal axis of the screw. Referring first to FIGS. 17 and 18, a blank is shown similar to that of FIG. 3 including a round cylindrical shank portion 82 and an eccentric, lobular lead portion 84. The lead portion 84, in this instance, is of circular cross section having a diameter less than the diameter of the shank portion 82. A conically tapered shoulder 86 joins the lead portion 84 to the shank portion 82.

It is understood that the eccentric lead portion 84 need not be circular in cross section but may be elliptical, such as shown in FIGS. 19 and 20. In the latter instance, the lead portion 88 mounted on the end of the round cylindrical shank 89 is of elliptical cross section as shown more clearly in FIG. 20, the lead portion 88 being joined to the shank by the conically tapered shoulder 91.

A finished screw, following the thread-rolling operation, is shown in FIGS. 21 and 22, it being understood that the resultant threads formed by the thread-rolling operation upon either of the blanks of FIGS. 17 or 19 are substantially similar, the only difference being in a slight difference in the cross-sectional shape of the lead point as mentioned above relative to the blanks. It is to be understood that in accordance with the method of the present invention, the threads may be rolled upon the blanks of FIGS. 17 and 19 by means of threadrolling dies either as previously mentioned or as hereinafter described.

While rolling threads with a pair of dies as shown in FIG. 10, for example, each time the upper surface 92 of the lead portion 88 of the blank illustrated in FIG. 19 engages against the flat surface portion 64 of one of the dies 56 or 57, the lead portion will be deflected in the direction away from the engaging die thereby forcing the lower surface portion 94 of the tapered section 91 opposite the lobe surface 92 into the thread-forming ridges of the opposite die. During the thread-rolling operation, the longitudinal centerline 96 of the blank, which is, of course, eccentric with respect to the lead section 88, will oscillate back and forth between the position indicated at 96 and the position shown in dotted lines 98 somewhat in the manner as previously described.

Referring now to FIG. 21, it will be observed that crests 102 of the threads along the upper side of the screw over the front end thereof and the crests 104 on the opposite side are sharp while the crests 105 of the intermediate portions of the threads are relatively shallow and unfinished. As shown in FIG. 22, the thread on the tapered portion is provided with lobes 102 and 104 and reliefs 106 therebetween.

In the case of the dies 56 and 57 shown in FIGS. and 11, the smooth surfaced edge portions 64 are formed as an integral part of the dies. It will be obvious that such smooth surfaced edge portions may be formed as separate elements operatively secured to the longitudinal edge portion of the dies 56 and 57. There may be certain instances in which it may be desirable to provide such smooth surfaced elements as separate portions of the dies, as shown, for example, in FIG. 23. In this figure is shown a screw blank 110 arranged between a pair of thread-rolling dies 112 and 114. The dies in this instance are provided with thread-forming ridges 116 which are of uniform height throughout their entire lateral extent. Operatively secured to the lower edges of the dies 112, 114, respectively, are longitudinal edge portions 1 18 and 120 having smooth surfaces 122 facing each other and adapted for engaging with the eccentric lobe or lobes, as the case might be, such as indicated at 124 of the blank 110. In this instance, the diametrical width of the lead section 126 of the blank is less than the diameter of the cylindrical shank 128 of the blank 110 and, accordingly, the edge portions 118 and 120 are so positioned relative to the plane of the crests of the die ridges 1 16 so that they are spaced closer together, thereby compensating for the reduced diameter of the lead section 126. The smooth surfaced edge portions 118, will function in the same manner as the smooth surfaced portions 64 of the dies illustrated in FIG. 10 to engage with the lobe or lobes of the lead section 126 of the screw blank to cause intermittent lateral deflection thereof, thereby producing a lobular tapered thread on the tapered shoulder 130 of the blank 110.

It will be observed in connection with FIG. 23 that the lead section 126 of the blank is of the single lobular form as illustrated in FIG. 17. It will be obvious, how ever, that a blank as shown in FIG. 3 of tri-lobular form but of reduced diarnetrical width may be substituted for the blank 1 10.

With thread-forming dies having ridges 116 of uniform height throughout their entire transverse width, the crests of the threads formed on the tapered portion of the blank will not be sharp as shown in FIG. 6. Instead, the crests of the thread on such tapered portion will be unfinished as shown at 132 in FIG. 24.

Thread-rolling dies having separately formed edge portions may be desirable for a variety of reasons. In FIG. 25 are illustrated a pair of thread-rolling dies 140, 142, in this instance similar to the dies 112, 114. Operatively attached to the lower edges, as viewed in FIG. 25, are a pair of edge strips 144 and 146. The strips 144 and 146 are provided with smooth surfaced portions 148. Throughout the greater length of the strips 144 and 146, the smooth surfaces 148 extend the full width of the strips 144 and 146. However, at the rear ends of the strips 144 and 146, slightly raised surfaces 149 are formed so as to form a groove 152 in the lead section of the screw 153 immediately adjacent the end 154 of the tapered portion of the screw thread. This grooving action is accomplished during the final revolutions of the threading action after the formation of the lobular lead threads. Such a slight relief or undercut adjacent the end of the starting threads is sometimes desirable for facilitating thread pickup, as when a screw is to be used in connection with a close fitting pilot hole.

The present invention is particularly useful in connection with the formation of spaced thread screws of the type illustrated in FIG. 26. The screw in this instance is characterized by threads 162 which are sharp crested throughout the full extent separated by wide roots 164. The threads are, of course, tapered at the work-entering end as indicated at 166. Such screws are particularly suitable for use in connection with plastics and like relatively soft materials. Screws of the type shown in FIG. 26 may readily be made in accordance with the method of the present invention having a lobular work-entering end configuration as described above.

In summary, the method of the invention consists of providing a blank having a main shank portion of circular cross section and a front end portion of shorter axial length than the shank portion, the front end portion including a section of substantial axial length on the extremity thereof of eccentric lobular cross section, the forward end portion also including an inwardly tapering portion between the forward extremity of the blank and the shank portion, rolling a thread simultaneously of the screw blank. The arcuate lobular cross section of I the threads advantageously continues onto the first few thread turns on the shank portion immediately adjacent the tapered portion but to a progressively diminishing degree of out-of-roundness. These slightly out-of-round threads gradually merge into the circular threads of the main shank portion and serve to bumish smooth the threads initially formed in the side walls of the pilot hole in the workpiece by the principal thread-forming threads on the work-entering end portion of the screw.

In FIG. 27 is schematically illustrated in plan view a thread-rolling die including one portion 170 which is provided with thread-forming ridges and a second portion 172 which has a plane, or smooth upper surface. It is to be understood that the portion 170 may be provided with any suitable form of thread-forming die ridges such as, for example, those shown in FIG. 'on

the dies 56, 57, or as shown in FIG. 23 on the dies 112 and 114, or as maybe required for rolling threads on the screws shown in FIG. 26. Furthermore, the edge portion 172 may be formed as an integral part of the die portion 170, as shown in FIG. 10 at 64, or it may be a separate piece as-shown at 122 in FIG. 23. The part 172 may also be provided with a raised rib adjacent to the die part 170 and at the trailing end of the die as shown at dotted lines 173 to conform to the raised portion 149 shown in FIG. 25.

The illustrated and described fastener, method and tooling are illustrative of the principles of my invention, and modifications within the scope of my invention will no doubt readily occur to persons skilled in the art from the foregoing disclosure.

What is claimed is:

1. Method of rolling a thread of a self-threading screw comprising a rear shank portion having a circular cross section and a front end portion having a cross section of arcuate, lobular shape of reduced thickness including a tapered portion and in which a blank having the above described cross sections is rolled between two opposed thread forming dies, the invention being characterized in:

a. applying thread-forming pressures simultaneously to said shank and tapered portions; and

b. applying intermittent deflecting pressures to said front end portion to vary periodically the distance from the axis of said front end portion to said dies by bending said front end portion while maintaining at least a substantial extent of the axis of said shank portion substantially equally spaced from said opposed dies during the application of said thread-forming and deflecting pressures such that only a portion of said blank that includes said front end portion is deflected by said deflecting pressures.

2. Method of rolling the thread of a self-threading screw comprising a rear shank portion having a circular cross section and a front end portion having a cross section of arcuate, lobular shape of reduced thickness including an inwardly tapered portion and in which the blank having the above described cross sections is rolled between two opposed thread forming dies,

the invention being characterized in:

a. applying thread-forming pressures simultaneously to said shank and tapered portions and; b. applying intermittent deflecting pressures to said front end portion to vary periodically the distance from the axis of said front end portion to said dies while maintaining at least a substantial extent of the axis of said shank portion substantially equally spaced from said opposed dies during the application of said thread-forming and deflecting pressures such that only a portion of said blank that includessaid front end portion is deflected by said deflecting pressures; and 1 including the further step of forming a relatively shallow groove on said front end portion immediately adjacent the commencement of the thread on said tapered portion.

3. A method of making a self-thread forming threaded fastener having a main shank section of circular cross sectional shape and a thread-forming work-entering section of lobular cross sectional shape, said method comprising:

rolling a blank having a cylindrical shank section of circular cross section, the front extremity of said blank being of lobular, arcuate, cross section of lesser diametrical width than said shank section and a tapered transition section between said shank and said extremity between a pair of threadrolling dies each having a first die portion with die ridges and grooves for forming a substantially straight thread overlying the shank portion of said blank, a second die portion immediately adjacent said first die portion with ridges and grooves for forming a tapered thread overlying said transition section of said blank as a continuation of the thread on said shank section, and a third die portion having a substantially unridged surface,

applying thread-forming pressures simultaneously to said shank and said transition sections,

and during said rolling operation causing said third die portions to engage the lobular extremity of said die blank and intermittently bend said extremity and said tapered transition section first away from one die and then away from the other while maintaining at least a substantial portion of the central axis of said shank section equally spaced from said dies, whereby the thread formed on said transition section is of arcuate lobular cross sectional shape.

4. The method in accordance with claim 3 in which during said rolling operation the conical surface defined by the thread crests formed on said transition section and at least the first thread turn on said main shank section immediately adjacent said transition section are of arcuate, lobular cross sectional shape.

5. The method of claim 3 including forming a thread on said transition section having root and crest portions with spaced arcuate lobes lying at a greater radial distance from the axis of said blank than intermediate arcuate sides between said lobes.

6. The method of making a self-thread forming threaded fastener comprising the steps of:

a. forming a blank with a cylindrical shank section of circular cross sectional shape, and a forward end section with cross sections in the shape of an arcuate, equilateral triangle including arcuate sides merging with intermediate arcuate lobes;

. rolling said blank between a pair of thread-rolling dies, each having a first ridged die surface portion for forming substantially complete threads on said shank section, a second ridged die surface portion having progressively wider, truncated ridges separated by grooves of progressively diminishing depth in the direction toward one edge of said die portion and defining a substantially flat die portion along said edge, the crests of all of said ridges and said substantially flat die portion extending in a straight line transversely of each said die;

. and during said rolling operation engaging said lobular end section of said blank with said flat die edge portions for deflecting the axis of at least said end section alternately toward first one and then the other of said dies during each revolution of said blank while maintaining at least a substantial portion of the axis of said shank section equally spaced from said dies, thereby forming a tapered thread on said end section having a substantially fully developed, sharp crest of arcuate, triangular pitch surface configuration.

7. The method in accordance with claim 6 wherein the forward end section is provided with axially parallel sides, and a tapered transition section is provided between said shank section and said forward end sectron.

8. The method in accordance with claim 6 in which the forward end section of said blank is provided with axially parallel sides and the outermost lobe surface portions so formed as to extend in an axial straight-line projection of the surface of said shank section.

9. The method in accordance with claim 6 in which a conical transition section is formed between said shank section and said forward end section.

10. The method in accordance with claim 6 in which a transition section is formed with inwardly tapering surface portions extending between said shank section and said arcuate sides.

11. The method of making a self-thread forming threaded fastener comprising the steps of:

a. forming a blank with a cylindrical shank section of circular cross sectional shape, and forming an end portion on said blank adjacent said shank section of arcuate equilateral, triangular shape including arcuate sides merging with intermediate, arcuate lobes;

. providing a pair of cooperating thread-rolling dies each with a first ridged die surface portion for forming substantially uniform threads on said shank section and providing a second ridged die surface portion adjacent said first portion having progressively truncated ridges of increasing width separated by grooves of progressively diminishing ridges; an rolling said blank between said dies causing said substantially smooth edge portions of said dies to engage said lobular end portion of said blank thereby bending the axis of at least said end portion and a portion of said shank section immediately adjacent said lobular end portion alternately first toward one and then toward the other of said dies during each revolution of said blank forming a tapered thread on said end portion of said blank with a lobular pitch surface configuration, and simultaneously forming the uniform threads on said shank section while maintaining at least a substantial extent of the axis of said shank section equally spaced from said dies.

12. A thread rolling die for forming self-threading screws from blanks having a cylindrical shank portion, a tapered intermediate portion, and an end portion of arcuate lobular shape,

a. said die comprising first and second adjacent longitudinally extending sections of thread-forming ridges for rolling threads on said shank and intermediate portions respectively of said blank, said second section having truncated ridges and grooves;

said die including a third longitudinally extending section which is substantially smooth and free of ridges and grooves and lying substantially in the same plane as the crests of said second section; for engaging said lobular end portion of a blank for bending the blank portion adjacent said end portion away from said second die section, said third section being adjacent to said second section and being parallel to said first and second sections.

13. A thread rolling die as defined in claim 12 in which said third section consists of a separate member secured to one edge of said second section.

14. A method of rolling the thread of a self-threading screw from a blank having a rear shank portion of circular cross section and front end portion having a cross section of arcuate, lobular shape of reduced thickness and including a tapered portion, said method including rolling the blank between opposed thread rolling dies that apply thread-forming pressure simultaneously to said rear shank portion and said tapered portion to form a thread thereon, and applying intermittent deflecting pressures to said front end portion during the thread rolling to bend the same relative to the axis of said rear shank portion and thereby periodically vary the distance of the axis of said front end portion to said dies. 

1. Method of rolling a thread of a self-threading screw comprising a rear shank portion having a circular cross section and a front end portion having a cross section of arcuate, lobular shape of reduced thickness including a tapered portion and in which a blank having the above described cross sections is rolled between two opposed thread forming dies, the invention being characterized in: a. applying thread-forming pressures simultaneously to said shank and tapered portions; and b. applying intermittent deflecting pressures to said front end portion to vary periodically the distance from the axis of said front end portion to said dies by bending said front end portion while maintaining at least a substantial extent of the axis of said shank portion substantially equally spaced from said opposed dies during the application of said thread-forming and deflecting pressures such that only a portion of said blank that includes said front end portion is deflected by said deflecting pressures.
 2. Method of rolling the thread of a self-threading screw comprising a rear shank portion having a circular cross section and a front end portion having a cross section of arcuate, lobular shape of reduced thickness including an inwardly tapered portion and in which the blank having the above described cross sections is rolled between two opposed thread forming dies, the invention being characterized in: a. applying thread-forming pressures simultaneously to said shank and tapered portions and; b. applying intermittent deflecting pressures to said front end portion to vary periodically the distance from the axis of said front end portion to said dies while maintaining at least a substantial extent of the axis of said shank portion substantially equally spaced from said opposed dies during the application of said thread-forming and deflecting pressures such that only a portion of said blank that includes said front end portion is deflected by said deflecting pressures; and c. including the further step of forming a relatively shallow groove on said front end portion immediately adjacent the commencement of the thread on said tapered portion.
 3. A method of making a self-thread forming threaded fastener having a main shank section of circular cross sectional shape and a thread-forming work-entering section of lobular cross sectional shape, said method comprising: rolling a blank having a cylindrical shank section of circular cross section, the front extremity of said blank being of lobular, arcuate, cross section of lesser diametrical width than said shank section and a tapered transition section between said shank and said extremity between a pair of thread-rolling dies each having a first die portion with die ridges and grooves for forming a substantially straight thread overlying the shank portion of said blank, a second die portion immediately adjacent said first die portion with ridges and grooves for forming a tapered thread overlying said transition section of said blank as a continuation of the thread on said sHank section, and a third die portion having a substantially unridged surface, applying thread-forming pressures simultaneously to said shank and said transition sections, and during said rolling operation causing said third die portions to engage the lobular extremity of said die blank and intermittently bend said extremity and said tapered transition section first away from one die and then away from the other while maintaining at least a substantial portion of the central axis of said shank section equally spaced from said dies, whereby the thread formed on said transition section is of arcuate lobular cross sectional shape.
 4. The method in accordance with claim 3 in which during said rolling operation the conical surface defined by the thread crests formed on said transition section and at least the first thread turn on said main shank section immediately adjacent said transition section are of arcuate, lobular cross sectional shape.
 5. The method of claim 3 including forming a thread on said transition section having root and crest portions with spaced arcuate lobes lying at a greater radial distance from the axis of said blank than intermediate arcuate sides between said lobes.
 6. The method of making a self-thread forming threaded fastener comprising the steps of: a. forming a blank with a cylindrical shank section of circular cross sectional shape, and a forward end section with cross sections in the shape of an arcuate, equilateral triangle including arcuate sides merging with intermediate arcuate lobes; b. rolling said blank between a pair of thread-rolling dies, each having a first ridged die surface portion for forming substantially complete threads on said shank section, a second ridged die surface portion having progressively wider, truncated ridges separated by grooves of progressively diminishing depth in the direction toward one edge of said die portion and defining a substantially flat die portion along said edge, the crests of all of said ridges and said substantially flat die portion extending in a straight line transversely of each said die; c. and during said rolling operation engaging said lobular end section of said blank with said flat die edge portions for deflecting the axis of at least said end section alternately toward first one and then the other of said dies during each revolution of said blank while maintaining at least a substantial portion of the axis of said shank section equally spaced from said dies, thereby forming a tapered thread on said end section having a substantially fully developed, sharp crest of arcuate, triangular pitch surface configuration.
 7. The method in accordance with claim 6 wherein the forward end section is provided with axially parallel sides, and a tapered transition section is provided between said shank section and said forward end section.
 8. The method in accordance with claim 6 in which the forward end section of said blank is provided with axially parallel sides and the outermost lobe surface portions so formed as to extend in an axial straight-line projection of the surface of said shank section.
 9. The method in accordance with claim 6 in which a conical transition section is formed between said shank section and said forward end section.
 10. The method in accordance with claim 6 in which a transition section is formed with inwardly tapering surface portions extending between said shank section and said arcuate sides.
 11. The method of making a self-thread forming threaded fastener comprising the steps of: a. forming a blank with a cylindrical shank section of circular cross sectional shape, and forming an end portion on said blank adjacent said shank section of arcuate equilateral, triangular shape including arcuate sides merging with intermediate, arcuate lobes; b. providing a pair of cooperating thread-rolling dies each with a first ridged die surface portion for forming substantially uniform threads on said shank section and providing a second ridged die surface portion adjacent said first portion having progressively truncated ridges of increasing width separated by grooves of progressively diminishing depth in a direction toward one edge of said die, the crests of the truncated ridges being in a substantially straight line when viewed in profile transverse to the longitudinal directions thereof, whereby the die portion adjacent said edge is substantially smooth and lying in the same surface transversely of the die as that defined by said ridges; c. and rolling said blank between said dies causing said substantially smooth edge portions of said dies to engage said lobular end portion of said blank thereby bending the axis of at least said end portion and a portion of said shank section immediately adjacent said lobular end portion alternately first toward one and then toward the other of said dies during each revolution of said blank forming a tapered thread on said end portion of said blank with a lobular pitch surface configuration, and simultaneously forming the uniform threads on said shank section while maintaining at least a substantial extent of the axis of said shank section equally spaced from said dies.
 12. A thread rolling die for forming self-threading screws from blanks having a cylindrical shank portion, a tapered intermediate portion, and an end portion of arcuate lobular shape, a. said die comprising first and second adjacent longitudinally extending sections of thread-forming ridges for rolling threads on said shank and intermediate portions respectively of said blank, said second section having truncated ridges and grooves; b. said die including a third longitudinally extending section which is substantially smooth and free of ridges and grooves and lying substantially in the same plane as the crests of said second section; for engaging said lobular end portion of a blank for bending the blank portion adjacent said end portion away from said second die section, said third section being adjacent to said second section and being parallel to said first and second sections.
 13. A thread rolling die as defined in claim 12 in which said third section consists of a separate member secured to one edge of said second section.
 14. A method of rolling the thread of a self-threading screw from a blank having a rear shank portion of circular cross section and front end portion having a cross section of arcuate, lobular shape of reduced thickness and including a tapered portion, said method including rolling the blank between opposed thread rolling dies that apply thread-forming pressure simultaneously to said rear shank portion and said tapered portion to form a thread thereon, and applying intermittent deflecting pressures to said front end portion during the thread rolling to bend the same relative to the axis of said rear shank portion and thereby periodically vary the distance of the axis of said front end portion to said dies. 